Not unconstitutional for bankruptcy litigants to waive right to Article III adjudication of Stern claims, and have them heard by bankruptcy judge.
Cite as
2015 DJDAR 5667Published
May 26, 2015Filing Date
May 25, 2015Summary
Richard Sharif attempted, through Chapter 7 bankruptcy, to discharge a debt owed to Wellness International Network, Ltd. (Wellness). When Wellness sought a declaratory judgment relating to a suspicious trust of Sharif's the Bankruptcy Court entered a default judgment against Sharif. On appeal to the Seventh Circuit, Sharif contended that the recent U.S. Supreme Court case Stern v. Marshall prevented the Bankruptcy Court from making such a judgment; the Seventh Circuit agreed, holding that the Bankruptcy Court lacked constitutional authority to enter final judgment on the claim at issue.
Reversed and remanded. Consenting litigants have "referred adjudication of entire disputes to non-Article III referees" since the early years of this country's nascence. Recent cases of Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Schor, Gomez v. United States and Peretz v. United States all underscore the constitutional viability (and importance) of such fora. These cases, together, demonstrate that "the entitlement to an Article III adjudicator is a personal right and thus ordinarily subject to waiver." Though, this court noted, resort to Article I adjudicators should not reach a point of "emasculating constitutional courts," lest separation of power concerns arise. Here, because Bankruptcy judges are subject to removal by Article III judges, and because the matters they hear are referred to them at district courts' pleasure, "separation of powers concerns are diminished," Further, Stern does not instruct a different result, as the parties in that case did not "truly consent" to resolution of their claims by a non-Article III court.
Opinion by Justice Sotomayor; concurrence by Justice Alito; dissent by Chief Justice Roberts; dissent by Justice Thomas.
— Brian Cardile
§§§§
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:2;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Century Old Style Std";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483473 1073750090 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:FranklinGothic;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:CenturyOldStyle;
panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
h1
{mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-outline-level:1;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
h2
{mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-outline-level:2;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
h3
{mso-style-next:"Normal Indent";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:6.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-outline-level:3;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoNormalIndent, li.MsoNormalIndent, div.MsoNormalIndent
{margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:9.35pt;
line-height:10.25pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:CenturyOldStyle;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:10.25pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.MsoFootnoteReference
{mso-ansi-font-size:8.5pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Old Style Std";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Century Old Style Std";
mso-text-raise:2.0pt;}
span.MsoEndnoteReference
{mso-ansi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-text-raise:2.0pt;
vertical-align:baseline;
vertical-align:baseline;}
p.MsoEndnoteText, li.MsoEndnoteText, div.MsoEndnoteText
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p.BriefBody, li.BriefBody, div.BriefBody
{mso-style-name:"Brief Body";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.BriefHeads, li.BriefHeads, div.BriefHeads
{mso-style-name:"Brief Heads";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
line-height:12.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
text-transform:uppercase;
letter-spacing:-.25pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.BTRCaseName, li.BTRCaseName, div.BTRCaseName
{mso-style-name:"BTR Case Name";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.BTRCaseNumber, li.BTRCaseNumber, div.BTRCaseNumber
{mso-style-name:"BTR Case Number";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.BTRFootnotes, li.BTRFootnotes, div.BTRFootnotes
{mso-style-name:"BTR Footnotes";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.1pt;}
p.BTRText, li.BTRText, div.BTRText
{mso-style-name:"BTR Text";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.1pt;}
p.BTRName, li.BTRName, div.BTRName
{mso-style-name:"BTR Name";
mso-style-parent:"BTR Text";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.1pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.BTRNumber, li.BTRNumber, div.BTRNumber
{mso-style-name:"BTR Number";
mso-style-parent:"BTR Text";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.1pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.BTRTextCenter, li.BTRTextCenter, div.BTRTextCenter
{mso-style-name:"BTR Text Center";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.BTRTextIndent, li.BTRTextIndent, div.BTRTextIndent
{mso-style-name:"BTR Text Indent";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:24.0pt;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:24.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.DARcite, li.DARcite, div.DARcite
{mso-style-name:DARcite;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
text-align:center;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.DARtext, li.DARtext, div.DARtext
{mso-style-name:DARtext;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:8.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Century Old Style Std";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.DARFootnotes, li.DARFootnotes, div.DARFootnotes
{mso-style-name:DARFootnotes;
mso-style-parent:DARtext;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:8.5pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:7.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Century Old Style Std";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.DARhead, li.DARhead, div.DARhead
{mso-style-name:DARhead;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:.5in;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;
text-align:center;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:FranklinGothic;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.DARTOCCourt, li.DARTOCCourt, div.DARTOCCourt
{mso-style-name:DARTOCCourt;
mso-style-parent:DARhead;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:24.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:FranklinGothic;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.DARTOChead, li.DARTOChead, div.DARTOChead
{mso-style-name:DARTOChead;
mso-style-parent:DARhead;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:3.75in;
margin-bottom:.25in;
margin-left:.25in;
text-indent:-6.0pt;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:FranklinGothic;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.DARTOCname, li.DARTOCname, div.DARTOCname
{mso-style-name:DARTOCname;
mso-style-parent:DARhead;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:9.8pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:4.0in 384.0pt 480.0pt right 8.0in;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:FranklinGothic;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.DARtopic, li.DARtopic, div.DARtopic
{mso-style-name:DARtopic;
margin-top:.5in;
margin-right:120.0pt;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:CenturyOldStyle;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.RuleTop, li.RuleTop, div.RuleTop
{mso-style-name:"Rule Top";
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:10.25pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;}
p.Rulingauthor, li.Rulingauthor, div.Rulingauthor
{mso-style-name:Rulingauthor;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:right;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.Rulingdata, li.Rulingdata, div.Rulingdata
{mso-style-name:Rulingdata;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.Rulinghead, li.Rulinghead, div.Rulinghead
{mso-style-name:Rulinghead;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.Rulingtext, li.Rulingtext, div.Rulingtext
{mso-style-name:Rulingtext;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.Rulingtopic, li.Rulingtopic, div.Rulingtopic
{mso-style-name:Rulingtopic;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.Subhead, li.Subhead, div.Subhead
{mso-style-name:Subhead;
margin-top:9.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:.1in;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
punctuation-wrap:simple;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:9.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:CenturyOldStyle;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.25pt;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
/* Page Definitions */
@page
{mso-footnote-separator:url("./13?935_files/header.htm") fs;
mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url("./13?935_files/header.htm") fcs;
mso-endnote-separator:url("./13?935_files/header.htm") es;
mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url("./13?935_files/header.htm") ecs;
mso-footnote-numbering-style:roman-lower;
mso-endnote-numbering-style:arabic;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:-896688909;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1208343095 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-text:%1;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:-386929956;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1780847738 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-text:"";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:0in;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:244606610;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-384937790 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3
{mso-list-id:433693895;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:643558394 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;}
@list l3:level1
{mso-level-text:
#267843
For reprint rights or to order a copy of your photo:
Email
Jeremy_Ellis@dailyjournal.com
for prices.
Direct dial: 213-229-5424